Proteins are vital molecules of every living cell and play a crucial role in numerous biological and physiological processes in the human body, from catalyzing biochemical reactions to providing structural support within cells.
Proteins are macromolecules. They are made up of amino acids, which are small molecules linked together. There are a total of 20 different amino acids, which can occur in proteins in various combinations and sequences in order to ensure the most versatile functionality possible.
Proteins are folded into a wide variety of three-dimensional structures. This is important in order to be able to cover the many different tasks for which proteins are responsible in the body. However, factors such as genetic mutations, environmental stress or ageing can lead to misfolding and contribute to various diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
1. Proteins in the Food Supply
Some of the essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must therefore be obtained from food. For example, proteins are found in foods such as meat, fish, dairy products, pulses and nuts. The quality of proteins varies depending on the availability of all essential amino acids. For people who follow a vegetarian or vegan diet, there are numerous plant-based sources of protein, such as pulses, tofu, quinoa and nuts, to name just a few of the countless examples.
For fitness enthusiasts and athletes in particular, proteins are indispensable. They are building blocks for muscle tissue and play a central role in muscle building and recovery after training.
Proteins also play a relevant role in weight loss and weight management, as a protein-rich diet can promote a feeling of satiety and boost the metabolism, which in turn can help with weight control. In addition, the body requires significantly more energy to digest proteins than, for example, to digest the same amount of monosaccharides.
A balanced protein intake is crucial for good health. Too much or too little protein intake can have significant effects. Excessive protein consumption, for example, can lead to kidney damage, metabolic disorders and other problems. On the other hand, a deficiency can lead to muscle wasting, slower growth and a weakened immune system – the right balance is crucial.
Proteins are therefore essential for the proper functioning of the human body. A deeper understanding of the different types of proteins and their effects makes it possible to optimize dietary habits and contribute to the prevention of diet-related diseases. Their versatility in biological functions and their availability in a wide range of foods make them a key element for health, fitness and well-being. A conscious diet that meets protein needs is an important contribution to a healthy lifestyle.
Research in the field of proteins is dynamic and new insights are constantly being gained. Innovative protein sources such as insect protein and plant-based meat substitutes are expanding the possibilities of protein supply.
2. Different proteins and their functions in the body
Proteins are used in the body as building materials for cells, tissues and organs. Enzymes, a special type of protein, regulate chemical reactions and accelerate metabolic processes. Antibodies, also proteins, are important components of the immune system.
2.1 Enzymes
Proteins act as catalysts and accelerate chemical reactions that are necessary for metabolism. Enzymes such as lipases, amylases and proteases promote the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler forms.
2.2 Structural Proteins
Structural proteins such as collagen, keratin and actin give tissues such as skin, bones and hair strength, shape and elasticity.
2.3 Transport Proteins
Transport proteins contribute to the movement of substances in the body. Hemoglobin, for example, transports oxygen in the blood and ensures that it is delivered to the cells, while albumin transports nutrients in the blood.
2.4 Antibodies
Antibodies, a type of protein, play a crucial role in the immune system by recognizing and neutralizing foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses.
2.5 Hormones
Signaling molecules such as hormones and their counterparts, the so-called receptors, regulate communication between cells and ensure appropriate coordination of physiological processes (lock-and-key principle).
